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One of my recent posts included a number of topics. One of them concerned situations where an artist is editorially credited only by last name but signs a fuller version of his name in a legible manner. Virgil Finlay for instance almost always signs his full name but is often credited as Finlay - same with Freas/Kelly Freas. It makes sense to me to use the more fully qualified signature. Perhaps we can come to some kind of agreement on this one issue.--swfritter 22:08, 22 Jan 2008 (CST)
An example: When I added the record for The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-Earth I very carefully did not mark it as a variant of The Languages of Middle-Earth, because it is a significant expansion. Instead I added a note indicating the relationship. This note would have been ripe for expansion by an editor who actually had physical possession of both editions. Another editor has now made this a variant, and in the process the note has been reduced to the single word "expanded" in the title. One problem with this, it can hid on the author's biblio page, the dates when the expanded or revised version was created, if the vt is given the same date as the original (as the help seems to call for, although it was not done that way in this case. Another problem, in the Alphabetical bibliography page, the expanded version is hidden completely. These problems are all larger in the case of a more prolific author.
Co-starring:Peter Ustinov, John Gavin, Nina Foch,John Ireland, Herbert Lom, John Dall,Charles McGraw, Harold J. Stone, Woody Strode,Robert J. Wilke, John Hoyt, Tony CurtisUNCREDITED:Ted de Corsia, Roy Engel, Robert Fuller,Joe Gold, Brad Harris, Irvin 'Zabo' Koszewski,Gordon Mitchell, Robert Stevenson,Bill Raisch, (the "One-Armed Man" of The Fugitive (1963) fame) and Richard Farnsworth (also stunts) Also special thanks to Anthony Hopkins who re-dubbed Laurence Olivier's lines in the 1991 restoration versionThis film is often mistakenly credited as the film debut (uncredited) of George Kennedy. It is not Kennedy, but rather stuntman/actor Bob Morgan, who strongly resembles Kennedy, as one of the rebel soldiers who announces "I'm Spartacus!" towards the end of the film. Kennedy had no association with the film. The original version included a scene where Marcus Licinius Crassus (Laurence Olivier) attempts to seduce Antoninus (Tony Curtis). The Production Code Administration and the Legion of Decency both objected. At one point Geoffrey Shurlock, representing the censors, suggested it would help if the reference in the scene to a preference for oysters or snails was changed to truffles and artichokes. In the end the scene was cut, but it was put back in for the 1991 restoration. However, the soundtrack had been lost in the meantime and the dialogue had to be dubbed. Curtis was able to redo his lines, but Olivier had died. Joan Plowright, his widow, remembered that Anthony Hopkins had done a dead-on impression of Olivier and she mentioned this to the restoration team. They approached Hopkins and he agreed to voice Olivier's lines in that scene. Hopkins is thanked in the credits for the restored version. At first the studio did not want to give the blacklisted Dalton Trumbo screen credit for his work. Stanley Kubrick said he would accept the credit. Kirk Douglas was so appalled by Kubrick's attempt to claim credit for someone else's work that he used his clout to make sure Trumbo received his due credit, effectively ending the Hollywood blacklist. Trumbo had already been credited as the writer of Exodus (1960), although a delay caused that film to be released two months after this one. Trumbo's family publicly disputed Douglas' version of the story, as did producer Edward Lewis and the children of writer Howard Fast. In any case, the blacklist had been greatly undermined when Cecil B. DeMille hired Edward G. Robinson for The Ten Commandments (1956), reviving Robinson's career after the star had been nearly blacklisted for his past political activism. Both Charles Laughton (Gracchus) and Peter Ustinov (Batiatus) previously played the Roman Emperor Nero: Laughton in The Sign of the Cross (1932) and Ustinov in Quo Vadis (1951).In reality, Spartacus' chief lieutenant Crixus broke from him and led a large faction of his army on a desultory march against Rome. Dalton Trumbo's original script depicted this, but either Kirk Douglas or Stanley Kubrick removed it from the final film, where Crixus is a loyal follower. According to producer Edward Lewis, Charles McGraw (Marcellus) had his jaw broken in the scene where Kirk Douglas viciously jams his head into a large vat of soup. In spite of the pain of the injury, McGraw finished the scene. Although it has been suggested that the 42-year-old Kirk Douglas was too old to play Spartacus, it is believed the real character was about 38 when he died. Kirk Douglas, as co-producer of the film (through his company, Bryna Productions), insisted on hiring Hollywood Ten blacklisted screenwriter Dalton Trumbo to adapt the film. Douglas also hired blacklisted character actor Peter Brocco to play a supporting role.In order to put Woody Strode in the right mood for the scene where he and Kirk Douglas wait to do combat, director Stanley Kubrick had the actor listen to a Sergei Prokofiev concerto during the filming and got the visual response he wanted. After extensive research of music of the period, Alex North gathered a collection of antique instruments that, while not authentically Roman, provided a strong dramatic effect. These instruments included a sarrusophone, Israeli recorder, Chinese oboe, lute, mandolin, Yugoslav flute, kythara, dulcimer, and bagpipes. North's prize instrument was the ondioline, similar to an earlier version of the electronic synthesizer, which had never been used in film before. Universal trimmed several action scenes, along with political content that was deemed subversive. Apparently the studio feared that if Spartacus had a chance of winning, viewers would perceive the film as Communist. Charles Laughton's prima donna behavior aggravated everyone. It included such things as storming off the set and threatening to sue Kirk Douglas for trimming his part.Richard Farnsworth and the five other stuntmen who worked for the entire filming also doubled as actors, including playing salt mine slaves, gladiators, and generals in the slave army.Laurence Olivier and Charles Laughton, much like their characters, were longtime rivals and barely on speaking terms.Kirk Douglas was very hesitant to perform the shot of Spartacus lopping off a Roman soldier's arm. Although the arm was fake (attached to an amputee), the sword blade was real and Douglas had to hit exactly the right mark. After successfully performing the stunt once, Douglas refused a second take. The film parallels 1950s American history, specifically the House Committee on un-American Activities hearings and the civil rights movement. The hearings, where witnesses were ordered under penalty of imprisonment to "name names" of supposed communist sympathizers, closely resembles the climactic scene when the slaves, asked by Crassus to give up their leader by pointing him out from the multitude, each stand up to proclaim, "I am Spartacus". Howard Fast, who wrote the book on which the film was based, was jailed for his refusal to testify, and wrote the novel "Spartacus" while in prison. The comment of how slavery was a central part of American history is pointed to in the beginning in the scenes featuring Draba and Spartacus. Draba, who denies the friendship of Spartacus claiming "gladiators can have no friends", sacrifices himself by attacking Crassus rather than killing Spartacus. This scene points to the fact that Americans are indebted to the suffering of black slaves, who played a major role in building the country (a fact until fairly recently that was little, if at all, mentioned in US history books). The fight to end segregation and to promote the equality of African-Americans is seen in the mixing of races within the gladiator school as well as in the army of Spartacus, where all fight for freedom. Kirk Douglas wanted to play the titular hero in Ben-Hur (1959), but the film's director William Wyler wanted Charlton Heston to play the role. Douglas was then offered the antagonist role of Messala--which was eventually given to Stephen Boyd--but refused to play second banana. In later years Douglas admitted that he made this film as to show Wyler and his company that he could make a Roman epic that could match "Ben-Hur". He once said, "That was what spurred me to do it in a childish way, the 'I'll show them' sort of thing." During the film Laurence Olivier gave Tony Curtis tips on acting to improve his performance, and Curtis gave Olivier tips on bodybuilding to improve his physique. Screenwriter Dalton Trumbo originally wanted Universal to get Orson Welles to play the character of the pirate, Tigranes Levantus. It was eventually played by Herbert Lom. Kirk Douglas was unsure about casting Jean Simmons as Varinia, as she was a British actress; American actors had been cast as the slaves and British actors had been cast as the Romans. Douglas actually wanted a German actress to play Varinia (her actual portrayal in the Howard Fast novel), but since none were pretty enough he decided to go with Simmons. The slaves' final battle was originally to be intercut with Varinia giving birth to her child, to give a contrast of destruction and creation. This idea was scrapped for running time purposes. Ingrid Bergman, Jeanne Moreau and Elsa Martinelli rejected the role of Varinia. Sabine Bethmann was then cast, but when Stanley Kubrick arrived he fired her and offered the part to Simmons, who was initially rejected for the role because British accents were initially reserved for the actors playing Romans. David Lean was considered to direct, but declined. Laurence Olivier was then asked to direct, but he had relinquished the directing assignment, as he felt the dual role of actor-director would prove too demanding. When Gracchus is found guilty of orchestrating the revolt, Crassus says, "In every city and province, lists of the disloyal have been compiled." The line is a sly dig at McCarthyism by writer Dalton Trumbo, one of the group of blacklisted writers known as "The Hollywood 10". It was intended to be a jab at the watchdogs, since the blacklist was still in effect at the time.Hedda Hopper and John Wayne, both leaders in Hollywood's powerful right-wing element, publicly condemned the film as "Marxist propaganda" before its release. This was partly because it was the first time in a decade that screenwriter Dalton Trumbo had been credited under his own name , not a pseudonym, since he was backlisted for his membership in the Communist Party USA.The sound of the crowd cheering "Spartacus! Spartacus!" was actually recorded at a 1959 football game in Spartan Stadium, home of the Michigan State University Spartans in East Lansing, Michigan. Michigan State beat Notre Dame in that game, 19-0. Sir Peter Ustinov joked about his daughter, born at the beginning of production, being in kindergarten by the time the film was finished. When asked what her father did for a living she would answer, "Spartacus."Although some reviews noted the story's somewhat dubious correlation to actual history, many of the film's characters were derived from real figures, including Spartacus (d. 71 B.C.), Marcus Licinius Crassus (d. 53 B.C.) and Caius Sempronius Gracchus (d. 121 B.C.). As accurately depicted in the film, Spartacus was a Thracian slave who broke out of a Capuan gladiators' school to lead a revolt that was eventually suppressed by Crassus, who then crucified his captives by the hundreds. Spartacus was killed in battle--not, as stated in the film, captured and then crucified--after which Crassus ruled Rome in a triumvirate with Pompey and Gaio Giulio Cesare (aka Julius Caesar). Gracchus lived decades earlier, and helped organize a social reform movement that lasted only a few years before its reforms were repealed. He was killed in a series of riots protesting the repeals. Gen. Crassus was reported to have been put to death by the Parthians after losing the battle of Carrhae, by being forced to drink a goblet of molten gold, symbolic of his great wealth.Stanley Kubrick was brought in as director after Kirk Douglas had a major falling out with the original director, Anthony Mann. According to Peter Ustinov, the salt mines sequence was the only footage shot by Mann. Winning a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his portrayal of Lentulus Batiatus, Peter Ustinov stands as the only actor to win an Oscar for a Stanley Kubrick film. Peter Sellers is the only other actor to receive so much as a nomination. Laurence Olivier, while researching on the Romans for his role, learned that the Romans rode without a saddle, so he followed likewise and rode saddleless in his horseback scenes. This proved a great hindrance, as there was no saddle to keep him steady while the horse was in even the slightest motion, and he kept wobbling throughout his horseback scenes. Eventually Kubrick forced Olivier to film his horseback scenes on a ladder. Kirk Douglas had an unhappy time for most of the production. After a major falling out with original director Anthony Mann he asked Stanley Kubrick, with whom he had collaborated well three years previously on Paths of Glory (1957), to direct. However, he had an equally difficult time working with Kubrick. After the production Douglas claimed he would not collaborate with Kubrick again if he was given the opportunity. Douglas has often said he regretted having Mann fired from the picture and when he was offered The Heroes of Telemark (1965) he agreed to take that role on condition that Mann be hired as director.Thirty years after filming, Jean Simmons met the baby she held in this film, who was working in the film industry as a stuntwoman. In order to get so many big stars to play supporting roles, Kirk Douglas showed each a different script in which their character was emphasized. Cinematographer Russell Metty walked off the set, complaining that Stanley Kubrick was not letting him do his job. Metty was used to directors allowing him to call his own shots with little oversight, while Kubrick was a professional photographer who had shot some of his previous films by himself. Subsequently, Kubrick did the majority of the cinematography work. Metty complained about this up until the release of the film and even, at one point, asked to have his name removed from the credits. However, because his name was in the credits, when the film won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, it was given to Metty, although he actually didn't shoot most of it.
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